ABSTRACT Background: The oral ecosystem is strictly related to a balance maintained by specific niches. These niches are recognized as sites where oral bacteria have the chance to metabolize avoiding the immune system response. The principal niches acknowledged in the oral cavity are the tonsils, tongue crypts, periodontal pockets and, more recently, buccal epithelial cells. The oral bacteria species that colonize the ecological niches vary during the course of fixed orthodontic treatment, with a prevalence of periodontal bacterial species. Methods: 19 orthodontic patients were included in this study. The prevalence of five periodontal pathogens, such as Porphiromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibcter actinomyctemcomitan, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola, was evaluated. Qualitative analysis of these periodontal pathogens was used to investigate the microbial colonization rate in the crevice and buccal epithelial cells. Bacteria were assayed by polymerase chain reaction at four different times (from T0 to T3). The presence of inadequate oral hygiene was considered as a modulation variable for microbial colonization. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. A P-value lower than 0.05 was assumed as statistically significant. Results: Tannerella forsythia was the only periodontal pathogen detected with a statistically admissible frequency. The positivity for Tannerella forsythia was correlated to sampling time and oral hygiene motivation. In buccal epithelial cells, both factors contributed to microbial decrease (p < 0.05) whereas, in crevice, oral hygiene motivation promoted a decrease in the microbial colonization rate (p < 0.05). Conclusions: According to microbiological findings, oral niches are shown to be more easily colonized by periodontal pathogens during orthodontic treatment. At the same time, it is possible to identify how correct motivation for oral hygiene is more than enough to modulate, or to avoid an upset of the oral ecosystem balance in early stages of orthodontic treatment.
Microbial Changes in Subgingival Plaque and Polymicrobial Intracellular Flora in Buccal Cells after Fixed Orthodontic Appliance Therapy: A Preliminary Study
ORRU, GERMANO;DENOTTI, GLORIA
2013-01-01
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: The oral ecosystem is strictly related to a balance maintained by specific niches. These niches are recognized as sites where oral bacteria have the chance to metabolize avoiding the immune system response. The principal niches acknowledged in the oral cavity are the tonsils, tongue crypts, periodontal pockets and, more recently, buccal epithelial cells. The oral bacteria species that colonize the ecological niches vary during the course of fixed orthodontic treatment, with a prevalence of periodontal bacterial species. Methods: 19 orthodontic patients were included in this study. The prevalence of five periodontal pathogens, such as Porphiromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibcter actinomyctemcomitan, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola, was evaluated. Qualitative analysis of these periodontal pathogens was used to investigate the microbial colonization rate in the crevice and buccal epithelial cells. Bacteria were assayed by polymerase chain reaction at four different times (from T0 to T3). The presence of inadequate oral hygiene was considered as a modulation variable for microbial colonization. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. A P-value lower than 0.05 was assumed as statistically significant. Results: Tannerella forsythia was the only periodontal pathogen detected with a statistically admissible frequency. The positivity for Tannerella forsythia was correlated to sampling time and oral hygiene motivation. In buccal epithelial cells, both factors contributed to microbial decrease (p < 0.05) whereas, in crevice, oral hygiene motivation promoted a decrease in the microbial colonization rate (p < 0.05). Conclusions: According to microbiological findings, oral niches are shown to be more easily colonized by periodontal pathogens during orthodontic treatment. At the same time, it is possible to identify how correct motivation for oral hygiene is more than enough to modulate, or to avoid an upset of the oral ecosystem balance in early stages of orthodontic treatment.
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