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This chapter presents some of the most used synchrophasor measurement techniques that can be adopted by PMU implementation. The aim is to describe the principles at the basis of each method that can be representative of a set of approaches and to show from a unifying perspective how different classes of methods can be identified, based on the underlying measurement model, on the digital processing technique, and on the way used to cope with signal dynamics. While briefly presenting each algorithm with its mathematical details to guide and encourage a curious reader in deepening the understanding of specific methodologies, the focus is always kept on the underlying concepts at the expense of a full detailed description. In particular, the presented algorithms are intended to follow the dynamics of phasor in real network applications and are based on computations that can be performed in the frequency domain or directly in the time domain. The algorithms can rely either on a pure steady-state or on an intrinsically dynamic phasor model. Frequency and ROCOF measurements are discussed separately because, depending on the chosen algorithm, they can be considered as whole together with phasor measurement, as a separate postprocessing step of phasor estimation, or, more generally, as a complete different estimation module. Simulation results will be often used as a practical tool to show specific aspects of estimation algorithms and illustrate their peculiarities.

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