My paper purports to locate Thomas Gray in the History of British Travel Literature. He wrote, and never published, his letters written when on the Grand Tour with his friend Horace Walpole, in 1739-40. Sterne was far from writing his famous taxonomy of travel writers in the Sentimental Journey (1768). Still, Thomas Gray expressed here his need to write something new, different from usual descriptive reports on France, Switzerland and Italy. He duly took notes on monuments and paintings but erased any reference to them in his letters. In them, he created fragments of reality caught while travelling throughout the countryside or walking through cities and towns. His style is remarkable. Notwithstanding he paid homage to the masterpieces of travel literature, he managed to find his approach to such a popular genre. As a poet, he was a master of visual metaphors and this sensitivity to shapes and colours, impressive views and prospects structures his letters. Struggling to find the unsaid and put it in words, he focused on the streets of the towns, on inns, on people he met. His stance is not patronising, although he retreats to isolated corners of meetings, choosing to be the detached observer. Gray’s letters were composed long before Samuel Sharp went to Italy, writing mordant commentaries on the peninsula, till to excite Baretti’s protests. Gray’s acid commentaries are on himself, always found inadequate to the situation, entirely himself when absorbed in the contemplation of nature and people seen in their proper setting. Everybody knows Gray’s sublime description of the Alps, but equally impressive is the locals’ image, as well as the picture of the lands loved by Horatius, the meeting with a singer, very famous in England, with friars, authorities and so on. He was young but very learned. He does not remember any meeting with scholars, but it is clear that he perfected his competence in both French, Italian and Latin in the two years spent on the continent. It meant so much to him to face foreign cultures. Already conversant with French and Italian literature when in England, he interspersed some words in the two languages in his letters, translated Italian poems, or wrote in Italian, imitating Italian vogue for sonnets. Unlike Walpole, he did not go back to France or Italy again, but his knowledge of both these cultures was impressive. The number of quotations in his poems, letters, essays testifies to this. Guillory says, and he is convincing, that the poet was trained to imitate, to memorise quotes at the University. His great achievement was to vernacularise the texts that were part of his knowledge. To write was always translating from other languages and cultures for Gray. My last point is, then, that Gray’s knowledge of other countries and past cultures enabled him to think comparatively. I think for instance of his plan for a history of poesy, which is inclusive and partly expressed in his Ode The Progress of Poetry, which shows the vitality of the English tradition. I think of the contrasting analysis of the opera, and its perception in Italy and England. I think of his translations from Welsh. To know the past, whatever past, he always proceeded comparing, translating, seeing with a punctilious, but not unfair, eye.
Il mio articolo intende rivalutare l'importanza di Thomas Gray nella storia della letteratura di viaggio britannica. Egli scrisse, e non pubblicò mai, le sue lettere scritte durante il Grand Tour con l'amico Horace Walpole, nel 1739-40. Sterne era ben lontano dallo scrivere la sua famosa tassonomia degli scrittori di viaggio nel Viaggio sentimentale (1768). Thomas Gray, tuttavia, esprimeva già qui il suo bisogno di scrivere qualcosa di nuovo, diverso dai soliti resoconti descrittivi su Francia, Svizzera e Italia. Prese debitamente appunti su monumenti e dipinti, ma cancellò ogni riferimento ad essi nelle sue lettere. In esse, creava piuttosto frammenti di realtà colti durante i viaggi in campagna o le passeggiate in città e paesi. Nonostante il doveroso omaggio ai capolavori della letteratura di viaggio, egli riuscì a forgiare un modo di scrivere di viaggio nuovo e divertente. Come poeta, era un maestro delle metafore visive e questa sensibilità per le forme e i colori, i panorami impressionanti e le prospettive struttura le sue lettere. Lottando per trovare il non detto e metterlo in parole, si concentra sulle strade delle città, sulle locande, sulle persone che incontra. Il suo atteggiamento non è paternalistico, anche se si ritira in angoli isolati dei convivii e balli, scegliendo di essere un osservatore distaccato. Le lettere di Gray furono composte molto prima che Samuel Sharp si recasse in Italia, scrivendo mordaci commenti sulla penisola, fino a suscitare le proteste di Baretti. I commenti acidi di Gray sono piuttosto su se stesso, sempre inadeguato alla situazione, completamente se stesso solo quando è assorbito dalla contemplazione della natura e delle persone viste nel loro giusto contesto. Tutti conoscono la sublime descrizione di Gray delle Alpi, ma altrettanto vivida è l'immagine della gente del posto, così come il quadro delle terre amate da Orazio, l'incontro con un cantante, molto famoso in Inghilterra, con frati, autorità e così via. Era giovane al momento del suo viaggio, ma molto colto. Non ricordava alcun incontro con studiosi, ma è chiaro che nei due anni trascorsi sul continente aveva perfezionato la sua competenza in francese, italiano e latino. Per lui era molto importante confrontarsi con culture straniere. Già conoscitore della letteratura francese e italiana quando era in Inghilterra, nelle sue lettere intercalava alcune parole nelle due lingue, traduceva poesie italiane o scriveva in italiano, imitando la moda italiana dei sonetti. A differenza di Walpole, non tornò più in Francia o in Italia, ma la sua conoscenza di entrambe le culture era impressionante. Il numero di citazioni nelle sue poesie, lettere, saggi lo testimonia. Guillory dice, ed è convincente, che il poeta fu addestrato a imitare, a memorizzare citazioni all'Università. La sua grande conquista è stata quella di volgarizzare i testi che facevano parte del suo sapere. Scrivere era sempre tradurre da altre lingue e culture per Gray. L'ultimo punto che intendo sottolineare è che la conoscenza di altri Paesi e culture passate permise a Gray di pensare in modo comparativo. Penso ad esempio al suo progetto di una storia della poesia, che è in parte espresso nell'ode The Progress of Poetry, che mostra la vitalità della tradizione inglese. Penso all'analisi contrastante dell'opera in musica e alla sua percezione in Italia e in Inghilterra. Penso alle sue traduzioni dal gallese. Per conoscere il passato, qualunque passato, ha sempre proceduto confrontando, traducendo, vedendo con occhio puntiglioso, ma mai pregiudizialmente ingiusto. Nonostante abbia reso omaggio ai capolavori della letteratura di viaggio, è riuscito a trovare il suo approccio a un genere così popolare. Come poeta, era un maestro delle metafore visive e questa sensibilità per le forme e i colori, le vedute impressionanti e le prospettive struttura le sue lettere. Lottando per trovare il non detto e metterlo in parole, si concentra sulle strade delle città, sulle locande, sulle persone che incontra. Il suo atteggiamento non è paternalistico, anche se si ritira in angoli isolati degli incontri, scegliendo di essere un osservatore distaccato. Le lettere di Gray furono composte molto prima che Samuel Sharp si recasse in Italia, scrivendo mordaci commenti sulla penisola, fino a suscitare le proteste di Baretti.
Thomas Gray on Tour: New Views on Much-Known Lands
Maria Grazia Dongu
Secondo
2024-01-01
Abstract
My paper purports to locate Thomas Gray in the History of British Travel Literature. He wrote, and never published, his letters written when on the Grand Tour with his friend Horace Walpole, in 1739-40. Sterne was far from writing his famous taxonomy of travel writers in the Sentimental Journey (1768). Still, Thomas Gray expressed here his need to write something new, different from usual descriptive reports on France, Switzerland and Italy. He duly took notes on monuments and paintings but erased any reference to them in his letters. In them, he created fragments of reality caught while travelling throughout the countryside or walking through cities and towns. His style is remarkable. Notwithstanding he paid homage to the masterpieces of travel literature, he managed to find his approach to such a popular genre. As a poet, he was a master of visual metaphors and this sensitivity to shapes and colours, impressive views and prospects structures his letters. Struggling to find the unsaid and put it in words, he focused on the streets of the towns, on inns, on people he met. His stance is not patronising, although he retreats to isolated corners of meetings, choosing to be the detached observer. Gray’s letters were composed long before Samuel Sharp went to Italy, writing mordant commentaries on the peninsula, till to excite Baretti’s protests. Gray’s acid commentaries are on himself, always found inadequate to the situation, entirely himself when absorbed in the contemplation of nature and people seen in their proper setting. Everybody knows Gray’s sublime description of the Alps, but equally impressive is the locals’ image, as well as the picture of the lands loved by Horatius, the meeting with a singer, very famous in England, with friars, authorities and so on. He was young but very learned. He does not remember any meeting with scholars, but it is clear that he perfected his competence in both French, Italian and Latin in the two years spent on the continent. It meant so much to him to face foreign cultures. Already conversant with French and Italian literature when in England, he interspersed some words in the two languages in his letters, translated Italian poems, or wrote in Italian, imitating Italian vogue for sonnets. Unlike Walpole, he did not go back to France or Italy again, but his knowledge of both these cultures was impressive. The number of quotations in his poems, letters, essays testifies to this. Guillory says, and he is convincing, that the poet was trained to imitate, to memorise quotes at the University. His great achievement was to vernacularise the texts that were part of his knowledge. To write was always translating from other languages and cultures for Gray. My last point is, then, that Gray’s knowledge of other countries and past cultures enabled him to think comparatively. I think for instance of his plan for a history of poesy, which is inclusive and partly expressed in his Ode The Progress of Poetry, which shows the vitality of the English tradition. I think of the contrasting analysis of the opera, and its perception in Italy and England. I think of his translations from Welsh. To know the past, whatever past, he always proceeded comparing, translating, seeing with a punctilious, but not unfair, eye.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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