On the Role of Explainable Machine Learning for Secure Smart Vehicles

The concept of mobility is experiencing a serious transformation due to the Mobility-as-a-Service paradigm. Accordingly, vehicles, usually referred to as smart, are seeing their architecture revamped to integrate connection to the outside environment (V2X) and autonomous driving. A significant part of these innovations is enabled by machine learning. However, deploying such systems raises some concerns. First, the complexity of the algorithms often prevents understanding what these models learn, which is relevant in the safety-critical context of mobility. Second, several studies have demonstrated the vulnerability of machine learning-based algorithms to adversarial attacks. For these reasons, research on the explainability of machine learning is raising. In this paper, we then explore the role of interpretable machine learning in the ecosystem of smart vehicles, with the goal of figuring out if and in what terms explanations help to design secure vehicles. We provide an overview of the potential uses of explainable machine learning, along with recent work in the literature that has started to investigate the topic, including from the perspectives of human-agent systems and cyber-physical systems. Our analysis highlights both benefits and criticalities in employing explanations.