Francesco Cocco Ortu is the dean of the Italian Parliament with 48 years of uninterrupted presence in Montecitorio (1876-1924). Liberal and monarchist, but above all loyal guarantor of constitutional prerogatives. On the turbulent day of 28 October 1922 he will be the protagonist of a sensational clash with Vittorio Emanuele III regarding the nomination of Mussolini as Prime Minister. He will suffer the consequences from a political point of view: defeated in the elections and never appointed senator by the king, despite having been minister for ten years. From the March on Rome begins a precious diary where the chronicle of the liberticidal activity of the regime is intertwined with reflections on the responsibilities of the liberal ruling class, guilty of having granted broad political legitimacy to the national fascist party. The manuscript devotes many pages to the merciless analysis of the activity of a regime, capable only of conducting a massive propaganda campaign and a systematic construction of consensus, through the indiscriminate use of violence. The text also contains a constant examination of the relationship between fascism and institutions, in particular with the monarchy, from which emerges the total remission of the role by the sovereign. The evaluation of the financial management conducted by the fascist government also appears merciless, with its economic policies only resulting in an increase in the budget deficit and a reduction in the income of the weakest social groups. In the diary there is no absolution for the liberal and democratic political class, guilty of a dissolution dictated only by the desire to exploit the exceptional popularity of a party that uses force to assert itself politically. Anti-parliamentarism and the demonization of all those who have fought for decades in favor of the centrality of the legislative body become, according to the former Sardinian minister, the elements that lead fascism and moderate public opinion to promote a process of delegitimization of democratic conquests. The declared aim of this authoritarian drift is above all to erase the main results achieved by the democratic and liberal regime: universal suffrage and the proportional system, social mediation and the affirmation of mass parties. In short: «Finis Parlamento», as Cocco Ortu wrote in 1928, coinciding with the reform that sanctioned the end of the Chamber of Deputies and the birth of the Chamber of Fasci and Corporations.
Francesco Cocco Ortu è il decano del parlamento italiano con 48 anni di presenza ininterrotta a Montecitorio (1876-1924). Liberale e monarchico, ma soprattutto leale garante delle prerogative costituzionali. Nella convulsa giornata del 28 ottobre 1922 sarà protagonista di un clamoroso scontro con Vittorio Emanuele III in merito alla nomina di Mussolini quale presidente del consiglio. Ne subirà le conseguenze dal punto di vista politico: sconfitto alle elezioni e mai nominato senatore dal re, nonostante fosse stato per dieci anni ministro. Dalla marcia su Roma prende avvio un prezioso diario dove la cronaca sull’attività liberticida del regime si intreccia con le riflessioni sulle responsabilità della classe dirigente liberale, colpevole di aver accordato un’ampia legittimazione politica al partito nazionale fascista. Il manoscritto destina molte pagine all’impietosa analisi dell’attività di un regime, capace solo di condurre una massiccia opera di propaganda e una sistematica costruzione del consenso, tramite il ricorso indiscriminato alla violenza. Nel testo trovano spazio, inoltre, un costante esame del rapporto fra fascismo e istituzioni, in particolare con la monarchia, dal quale emerge la totale remissione del ruolo da parte del sovrano. Impietosa appare anche la valutazione della gestione finanziaria condotta dal governo fascista, che con le sue politiche economiche consegue soltanto l’aumento del disavanzo di bilancio e la riduzione dei redditi delle fasce sociali più deboli. Nel diario non vi è alcuna assoluzione per la classe politica liberale e democratica, rea di un dissolvimento dettato solo dalla volontà di sfruttare l’eccezionale popolarità di un partito che ricorre alla forza per affermarsi politicamente. L’antiparlamentarismo e la demonizzazione di tutti coloro che si battono per decenni a favore della centralità dell’organo legislativo, divengono, secondo l’ex ministro sardo, gli elementi che conducono fascismo e opinione pubblica moderata a promuovere un processo di delegittimazione delle conquiste democratiche. L’obiettivo dichiarato di questa deriva autoritaria è soprattutto quello di cancellare i principali risultati conseguiti dal regime democratico e liberale: il suffragio universale e il sistema proporzionale, la mediazione sociale e l’affermazione dei partiti di massa. In sintesi: «Finis Parlamento», come avrebbe scritto nel 1928 Cocco Ortu, in coincidenza con la riforma che sanciva la fine della Camera dei Deputati e la nascita della Camera dei fasci e delle corporazioni.
Il diario politico di Francesco Cocco Ortu (1922-1929). Dalla delegittimazione del sistema parlamentare alla legittimazione della dittatura fascista
Marco Pignotti
2021-01-01
Abstract
Francesco Cocco Ortu is the dean of the Italian Parliament with 48 years of uninterrupted presence in Montecitorio (1876-1924). Liberal and monarchist, but above all loyal guarantor of constitutional prerogatives. On the turbulent day of 28 October 1922 he will be the protagonist of a sensational clash with Vittorio Emanuele III regarding the nomination of Mussolini as Prime Minister. He will suffer the consequences from a political point of view: defeated in the elections and never appointed senator by the king, despite having been minister for ten years. From the March on Rome begins a precious diary where the chronicle of the liberticidal activity of the regime is intertwined with reflections on the responsibilities of the liberal ruling class, guilty of having granted broad political legitimacy to the national fascist party. The manuscript devotes many pages to the merciless analysis of the activity of a regime, capable only of conducting a massive propaganda campaign and a systematic construction of consensus, through the indiscriminate use of violence. The text also contains a constant examination of the relationship between fascism and institutions, in particular with the monarchy, from which emerges the total remission of the role by the sovereign. The evaluation of the financial management conducted by the fascist government also appears merciless, with its economic policies only resulting in an increase in the budget deficit and a reduction in the income of the weakest social groups. In the diary there is no absolution for the liberal and democratic political class, guilty of a dissolution dictated only by the desire to exploit the exceptional popularity of a party that uses force to assert itself politically. Anti-parliamentarism and the demonization of all those who have fought for decades in favor of the centrality of the legislative body become, according to the former Sardinian minister, the elements that lead fascism and moderate public opinion to promote a process of delegitimization of democratic conquests. The declared aim of this authoritarian drift is above all to erase the main results achieved by the democratic and liberal regime: universal suffrage and the proportional system, social mediation and the affirmation of mass parties. In short: «Finis Parlamento», as Cocco Ortu wrote in 1928, coinciding with the reform that sanctioned the end of the Chamber of Deputies and the birth of the Chamber of Fasci and Corporations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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