E-Government, M-Government, L-Government. Exploring future ICT applications in public administration

The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) brings about considerable changes in the ways public administration provides information and delivers services to citizens, businesses, and other public administrations. This chapter reviews the application of ICT in the provision of public administration services. E-government tools have been implemented in various countries in the world and enabled the strengthening of existing public administration services and the activation of innovative ones. M-government tools, which are related to the emergence and diffusion of Internet mobile technology and devices, allow to both overcome infrastructure deficits and provide innovative services which are particularly sensitive to users' context conditions. Finally, l-government tools – i.e., ubiquitous, seamless, user-centric, and automated application of Internet technology to public administration services – have the potential to further redefine the terms of access of users to public administration services and to enhance the ties between citizens and businesses and the government.