Synergies and trade-offs among ecosystem services for climate neutrality: Lessons from Campania, Italy

Understanding synergies and trade-offs among ecosystem services is vital for designing effective climate neutrality strategies that avoid unintended impacts in multifunctional areas. Using the Campania Region (Italy) as a case study, this research proposes a methodological framework to analyze the synergies and trade-offs between six ecosystem services. The approach is structured in two phases: (i) spatial mapping and quantitative assessment of the selected ecosystem services, and (ii) estimation of pairwise Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients to identify statistically significant synergies and trade-offs. The findings offer valuable insights to inform spatial policies that minimize conflicts and maximize co-benefits among ecosystem services.