4,4′-Dimethylaminorex (“4,4′-DMAR”; “Serotoni”) misuse: A Web-based study

Background: 4,4′-DMAR (4,4′-dimethylaminorex; “Serotoni”) is a potent stimulant drug that has recently been associated with a number of fatalities in Europe. Over the last few years, online communities have emerged as important resources for disseminating levels of technical knowledge on novel psychoactive substances. Objective: Analysing the information provided by the fora communities on 4,4′-DMAR use, additionally critical reviewing the available evidence-based literature on this topic. Methods: Different website drug fora were identified. A critical review of the existing evidence-based literature was undertaken. Individuation and analysis of qualitative data from the identified website fora were performed. Results: The combined search results identified six website fora from which a range of qualitative data on recurring themes was collected. These themes included routes of administration and doses; desired effects; adverse effects; comparison with other drugs; association with other drugs; medications self-administered to reverse 4,4′-DMAR action; overall impression; and provision of harm-reduction advice. Conclusions: Although being characterized by a number of methodological limitations, the social networks' Web monitoring approach (netnography) may be helpful to better understand some of the clinical and psychopharmacological issues pertaining to a range of novel psychoactive substances, including 4,4′-DMAR, for which only extremely little, if any, scientific knowledge is available.