Stability and bifurcations in banks and small enterprises: a three-dimensional continuous-time dynamical system

Here, we discuss a three-dimensional continuous-time Lotka–Volterra dynamical system, which describes the role of government in interactions with banks and small enterprises. In Italy, during the COVID-19 emergency, the main objective of government economic intervention was to maintain the proper operation of the bank–enterprise system. We also review the effectiveness of measures introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns to avoid a further credit crunch. By applying bifurcation theory to the system, we were able to produce evidence of the existence of Hopf and zero-Hopf bifurcating periodic solutions from a saddle focus in a special region of the parameter space, and we performed a numerical analysis.