A substantial corpus of scholarship has been dedicated to the conceptualisation of Englishness in the period preceding the First World War. Additionally, the utilisation of Shakespeare as a cultural icon and the dissemination of extracts from his works have been subjects of considerable research interest. These studies have sought to elucidate the ways in which Shakespearean texts were employed to construct an image of England and masculinity that was conducive to the war effort. Recently, a number of intriguing articles have been published, providing insight into the British state's efforts to disseminate Shakespeare's complete works to the armed forces and examining the reading practices of the soldiers involved at the front. This article, which takes such studies as its foundation, analyses two texts of post-war prose fiction production. The first is written by a veteran who fought the Battle of the Somme (Frederick Manning, 1930), while the second is written by a civilian (Virginia Woolf, 1925). The two novels are Her Privates We (in the unabridged version, The Middle Fortune), and Mrs Dalloway. The degree of intertextuality is considerable. The works of Shakespeare are referenced in the paratext of the novels, specifically in the opening and closing passages of Mrs Dalloway, which serve to construct intratextual references. In this way, the value of the poet-playwright as the author of archetypal narratives that can successfully serve as an interpretative reading of the present is elevated. Our primary objective is to elucidate a process of appropriative reading of Shakespeare. The two novels under consideration are Her Privates We (in the unabridged version, The Middle Fortune) and Mrs Dalloway. The intertextuality of the two novels is particularly noteworthy. Fragments of Shakespeare's work are quoted in them, in the paratext in the first and last, to construct intratextual references in Mrs. Dalloway. In this way, the value of the poet-playwright as the author of archetypal narratives that can successfully serve as an interpretative reading of the present is exalted. Our focus is therefore on elucidating a process that is not so much an appropriative reading of Shakespeare, but rather a conscious use of his work to gloss over the crucial junctures of the pre-war experience on the battlefields and of returning home. In other words, the authors employ Shakespearean techniques to construct their work and imbue it with interpretative echoes. In this instance, the voice of Shakespeare is employed to represent the Englishmen at the front, thereby establishing a sense of identification between the poet and an entire nation. However, the multifaceted nature of this nation is such that it also encompasses the multi-perspective richness of Shakespeare's theatre. In all the novels, the perspective of the soldier, the individual who subscribed to an ideology of Englishness and the courageous Englishman, is reconstructed. This aligns with the perspective espoused by the authorities. Nevertheless, he discovers Shakespeare to still be a comrade in his endeavour to survive his personal inability to represent those ideals. The article will reconstruct the elegy sung by English fiction, or in the English language, to mourn the end of a choral self-presentation to the world. This coincides with the death of the veteran in Mrs Dalloway, but not of Shakespeare, whose verses continue to echo and speak long after Septimus' death.
Molti studi sono stati dedicati nel tempo alla definizione di un’idea di Englishness nel periodo precedente la Prima Guerra Mondiale, come anche all’uso che di Shakespeare, come icona culturale, e di estratti dalle sue opere è stato compiuto per diffondere un’idea dell’Inghilterra e della mascolinità che supportasse l’impegno bellico. Recentemente sono stati pubblicati articoli assai interessanti, che hanno documentato le attività dello Stato britannico a supporto di tale pervasiva divulgazione dell’ opera omnia di Shakespeare presso le forze armate, insieme alle pratiche di lettura dei soldati coinvolti al fronte. Quest’articolo, che assume come fondamento tali studi, ha come principale oggetto di analisi tre testi della produzione narrativa in prosa del dopo Guerra, scritti da un veterano che ha combattuto la battaglia della Somme (Frederick Manning, 1930), da una civile (Virginia Woolf, 1925. I due novel sono Her Privates We (nella versione integrale The Middle Fortune), Mrs Dalloway. La loro intertestualità è altissima. Vengono in essi citati frammenti dell’opera shakespeariana, nel paratesto nel primo e ultimo, a costruire richiami intratestuali in Mrs. Dalloway. In questo modo, viene esaltato il valore del poeta-drammaturgo quale autore di narrazioni archetipiche che possono fungere con successo come lettura interpretativa del presente. Il nostro interesse è, perciò, prioritariamente, volto a porre in evidenza, un processo non tanto di lettura appropriativa di Shakespeare, ma di consapevole uso per glossare gli snodi importanti dell’esperienza pre-guerra, sui campi di battaglia, di rientro in patria. Gli autori, cioè, usano abilmente Shakespeare per costruire la loro opera e regalarle echi interpretativi. In questo, nella voce di Shakespeare che parla per gli inglesi al fronte, vi è l’identificazione del poeta con un’intera nazione, ma dalle realtà così variegate da accogliere anche la ricchezza pluriprospettica del teatro shakespeariano. In tutti i novel si ricostruisce la prospettiva del soldato, di colui che ha creduto in un’idea di Englishness e del coraggioso uomo inglese, che era quella propagandata dalle autorità. Questi, tuttavia, scopre Shakespeare ancora compagno, nel suo tentativo di sopravvivere alla sua personale impossibilità di rappresentare quegli ideali. L’articolo ricostruirà l’elegia cantata dalla narrativa inglese, o in lingua inglese, per piangere la fine di una corale auto-presentazione di sé al mondo, che, in Mrs Dalloway coincide anche con la morte del veterano, ma non di Shakespeare, i cui versi continuano a riecheggiare e a parlare, ben dopo la morte di Septimus.
Shakespearean fragments to define and mourn englishness in “Mrs Dalloway” and “Her Privates We”
Maria Grazia Dongu
2023-01-01
Abstract
A substantial corpus of scholarship has been dedicated to the conceptualisation of Englishness in the period preceding the First World War. Additionally, the utilisation of Shakespeare as a cultural icon and the dissemination of extracts from his works have been subjects of considerable research interest. These studies have sought to elucidate the ways in which Shakespearean texts were employed to construct an image of England and masculinity that was conducive to the war effort. Recently, a number of intriguing articles have been published, providing insight into the British state's efforts to disseminate Shakespeare's complete works to the armed forces and examining the reading practices of the soldiers involved at the front. This article, which takes such studies as its foundation, analyses two texts of post-war prose fiction production. The first is written by a veteran who fought the Battle of the Somme (Frederick Manning, 1930), while the second is written by a civilian (Virginia Woolf, 1925). The two novels are Her Privates We (in the unabridged version, The Middle Fortune), and Mrs Dalloway. The degree of intertextuality is considerable. The works of Shakespeare are referenced in the paratext of the novels, specifically in the opening and closing passages of Mrs Dalloway, which serve to construct intratextual references. In this way, the value of the poet-playwright as the author of archetypal narratives that can successfully serve as an interpretative reading of the present is elevated. Our primary objective is to elucidate a process of appropriative reading of Shakespeare. The two novels under consideration are Her Privates We (in the unabridged version, The Middle Fortune) and Mrs Dalloway. The intertextuality of the two novels is particularly noteworthy. Fragments of Shakespeare's work are quoted in them, in the paratext in the first and last, to construct intratextual references in Mrs. Dalloway. In this way, the value of the poet-playwright as the author of archetypal narratives that can successfully serve as an interpretative reading of the present is exalted. Our focus is therefore on elucidating a process that is not so much an appropriative reading of Shakespeare, but rather a conscious use of his work to gloss over the crucial junctures of the pre-war experience on the battlefields and of returning home. In other words, the authors employ Shakespearean techniques to construct their work and imbue it with interpretative echoes. In this instance, the voice of Shakespeare is employed to represent the Englishmen at the front, thereby establishing a sense of identification between the poet and an entire nation. However, the multifaceted nature of this nation is such that it also encompasses the multi-perspective richness of Shakespeare's theatre. In all the novels, the perspective of the soldier, the individual who subscribed to an ideology of Englishness and the courageous Englishman, is reconstructed. This aligns with the perspective espoused by the authorities. Nevertheless, he discovers Shakespeare to still be a comrade in his endeavour to survive his personal inability to represent those ideals. The article will reconstruct the elegy sung by English fiction, or in the English language, to mourn the end of a choral self-presentation to the world. This coincides with the death of the veteran in Mrs Dalloway, but not of Shakespeare, whose verses continue to echo and speak long after Septimus' death.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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