The Direct and Indirect Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on the Cardiovascular System in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Since their introduction, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have radically changed the treatment paradigm of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), leading to deep and lasting molecular responses and profoundly influencing survival. However, cancer-therapy-related Cardiovascular Toxicities (CTR-CVTs) associated with BCR::ABL1 TKIs are one of the main sources of concern: hypertension, arterial occlusive events, arrhythmias, dysmetabolic alteration, and glomerular filtration impairment are frequently reported in clinical trials and real-life experiences. Therefore, a close interaction between hematologists and cardiologists becomes crucial to implementing prevention protocols based on a comprehensive assessment of baseline cardiovascular risk, the management of any detectable and modifiable risk factors, and the elaboration of a monitoring plan for CTR-CVTs during treatment. Here, we provide the most comprehensive and recent evidence in the literature on the pathophysiological patterns underlying CTR-CVTs, providing useful evidence-based guidance on the prevention and management of CVD risk factors at baseline and during treatment with BCR::ABL1 TKIs.