Insights Into the Ecomorphology of the Blue Shark ( Prionace glauca ) in the Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea)

The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is a widely distributed pelagic predator that undergoes ontogenetic morphological changes that reflect ecological and functional adaptations. Investigating this aspect could provide powerful tools for elucidating the patterns of trait variation and their significance in relation to environmental conditions. This study explores morphometric variation and its ecomorphological implications in the Mediterranean blue shark population using linear and geometric morphometric analyses. A total of 119 specimens (64 females, 55 males), spanning from juvenile (total lengths [TLs] 85.4–149.8 cm in females and 82.9–121.2 cm in males) to adult (TLs 150.4–333.1 cm in females and 133.2–206.8 cm in males) stages, were analysed through a set of 30 linear measurements. Linear morphometric analysis identified significant differences between the juvenile and subadult/adult groups, particularly in the anterior body region and pectoral fin measurements. Geometric morphometric results revealed that juveniles have a more heterocercal caudal fin shape, which transitions to a less heterocercal form in adults, with a proportionally larger ventral lobe. The first dorsal fin showed positive allometry, becoming higher. The observed ontogenetic differences could improve energy efficiency and manoeuvrability. This aligns with the diel vertical migrations (DVM) of larger individuals and their need for sustained swimming during long-distance migrations, as well as the enhanced manoeuvrability required by juveniles, notably for predator avoidance. These morphological changes likely reflect adaptations to changing energy requirements and locomotion needs throughout life stages. Although blue sharks maintain a generalist diet across ontogeny, these adaptations may optimise feeding efficiency and swimming performance, particularly in adults. This study highlights the interplay between ontogeny, morphology and ecological function, shedding light on the selective pressures that shape the life history strategies of blue sharks. The findings emphasise the importance of integrating ontogenetic perspectives into ecomorphological studies to better understand the evolutionary adaptations of pelagic sharks.