Biodegradable magnesium alloys for short-term orthopedic implants: properties, surface modification and biological response

Orthopedic diseases pose a significant challenge in the medical field, often requiring innovative solutions to address the unique needs of the patient. Orthopedic implants increasingly demand materials that not only meet mechanical and biological requirements, but also actively participate in the healing process. Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys are lightweight materials that have emerged as promising candidates because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, which closely resemble natural bone. A key advantage of magnesium alloys lies in their ability to slowly degrade in vivo, which translates into their potential for use in temporary, bioabsorbable implants, thus eliminating the need for surgical removal. However, rapid and uncontrolled corrosion remains a critical barrier to their clinical translation. This review provides a focused analysis of current strategies to engineer the controlled biodegradation of magnesium-based orthopedic implants. We critically examine the role of alloying elements, surface modification techniques, and biological interactions in modulating degradation behavior. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between material design and biological response, which is essential for maintaining implant functionality during tissue regeneration. By identifying challenges and highlighting emerging directions, this review aims to support the development of next-generation biodegradable magnesium-based implants tailored for orthopedic applications. We wish to inspire more research and development into magnesium alloys biomaterials for the orthopedic field.