Superfood potential of Chlorella vulgaris: productivity and antioxidant boost under simulated moon and microgravity conditions

As space missions extend to the Moon and beyond, Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) are vital for food, oxygen, and resource recycling in closed habitats. We examined the physiological, biochemical, and lipidomic responses of Chlorella vulgaris (CCALA 269) grown under simulated Earth gravity (1 g), Moon gravity (0.17 g), and microgravity (μg) using a 3D clinostat. Reduced gravity was associated with higher biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant capacity. Cultures under lunar and microgravity showed up to 170% more chlorophyll and carotenoids, and 160% more polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Lipidomics revealed membrane remodeling, with higher galactolipids and triacylglycerols, suggesting adaptations to preserve membrane function and energy reserves. These responses indicate substantial physiological plasticity in C. vulgaris, suggesting its potential relevance for BLSS as a source of nutrient-rich biomass, oxygen, and antioxidants. Our results suggest its potential for space food and life support, and the need for further research under real partial gravity conditions.