Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy: applications and perspectives

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have shown great potential in improving cardiovascular pharmacotherapy by optimizing drug selection, predicting therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Leveraging techniques like machine learning and in silico modelling, AI can identify populations likely to benefit from specific treatments, expedite novel drug discovery and reduce costs. Computational methods can also facilitate the detection of drug interactions and tailor interventions based on real-world data, supporting personalized care. Artificial intelligence–based approaches also show promise in streamlining clinical trial design and execution, leveraging on real-time data on patient responsiveness, enhancing recruitment efficiency. However, in order to fully realize these benefits, robust validation across diverse patient populations is necessary to ensure accuracy and generalizability. In addition, addressing concerns regarding data quality, privacy, and bias is equally critical to avoid exacerbating existing healthcare disparities. Scientific societies and regulatory agencies must ultimately establish standardized frameworks for data management, model certification, and transparency, to enable safe and effective integration of AI into clinical practice. This manuscript aims at systematically reviewing the current state-of-the-art applications of AI in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, describing their current potential in guiding treatment decisions, refine trial methodologies and support drug discovery.