QSMOTE-PGM/KPGM: quantum machine learning inspired model for QSMOTE with PGM and kPGM classifiers for imbalanced dataset classification

Quantum-inspired machine learning (QiML) employs mathematical principles from quantum theory, such as Hilbert-space representations and quantum state discrimination, to enhance classical learning algorithms. In this work, we investigate the integration of Quantum Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (QSMOTE) variants with two quantum-inspired classifiers: the Pretty Good Measurement (PGM) classifier and the kernelized Pretty Good Measurement(KPGM)classifier.We propose and analyze three QSMOTE variants, namely KNN-based, Fidelity-based, and Margin-based QSMOTE, designed to improve minority-class representation in imbalanced datasets through quantum-inspired similarity and samplingmechanisms. Aunified theoretical and empirical comparison ofPGMandKPGMis presented under amplitude and stereo encoding strategies with multiple quantum copies. Experimental evaluations on the Telco Customer Churn dataset demonstrate that the proposed quantum-inspired approaches consistently outperform a classical Random Forest baseline, particularly in terms of recall and balanced F1-score. Among all configurations, PGM with stereo encoding and ncopies = 2 achieves the best performance with an accuracy of 0.8512 and an F1-score of 0.8234, while KPGM exhibits competitive and more stable behavior across different QSMOTE variants, reaching accuracies of 0.8511 under stereo encoding and 0.8483 under amplitude encoding. The results further show that increasing the number of quantum copies systematically improves classification performance, especially for minority-class detection. This work highlights the effectiveness of combining quantum-inspired oversampling and classification strategies for imbalanced learning, while providing practical insights into the complementary strengths of measurement-based and kernel-based quantum-inspired machine learning frameworks.