Internal migration in Italy. Long-run analysis of push and pull factors across regions and macro-areas of the country

The great majority of empirical studies on internal migration across Italian regions either ignore the long-run perspective of the phenomenon or do not consider push and pull factors separately. In addition, Centre-North to South flows, intra South and intra Centre-North migration have been neglected. We aim to fill this gap and study interregional migration flows from different geographical perspectives. We apply four panel data estimators with different statistical assumptions and theoretical properties and show that long-run migration flows from the Mezzogiorno towards Centre-Northern regions are well explained by a gravity model in which per capita GDP, unemployment along with population at both origin and destination play a major role. On the contrary, migration flows from Centre-North to South has probably much to do with other social and demographic factors. Finally, intra Centre-North and intra South migration flows roughly obey to the gravity model, though not all explicative variables are relevant