Low-latency, three-phase pmu algorithms: Review and performance comparison

Phasor Measurement Units are the most advanced instruments for power network moni-toring, since they allow phasors, frequency and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) to be measured in predetermined time instants with respect to an absolute time reference. The employed estimation algorithm plays a key role in overall performance under off-nominal conditions; the challenge to be faced is combining high steady-state accuracy with fast responsiveness in dynamic conditions, small reporting latency and reduced computational burden. Under regular operation, AC power networks are weakly unbalanced three-phase systems. Based on this consideration, the recent literature has proposed native three-phase estimation algorithms that effectively exploit this property to accurately identify the positive sequence synchrophasor, frequency and ROCOF. In this respect, the present paper describes three among the most promising three-phase algorithms based on the Space Vector transformation. By means of numerical simulations, it compares the achieved performance in terms of response time and estimation error both under steady-state and dynamic conditions. All the considered approaches enable a flexible design that allows balancing accuracy and responsiveness. For this analysis, the reporting latency has been limited to about one and half nominal cycles, i.e., 30 ms at 50 Hz; the P-class algorithm suggested by IEC/IEEE Std 60255-118-1 has also been included as comparison benchmark.