Evolution and structural behavior of historic masonry arch bridges: implications for conservation

Masonry arch bridges represent a unique synthesis of engineering efficiency and cultural heritage that has evolved over more than two millennia across different civilizations. Despite their historical relevance and continued widespread use, research on these structures often remains fragmented between historical evolution and structural engineering perspectives. This paper aims to address this gap by providing an integrated overview of the evolution, structural behavior, and conservation of historic masonry arch bridges, encompassing both Chinese and European heritage. The study reviews the evolution of arch bridges from early origins to the scientific era, then examines their typological and morphological features, highlighting the interplay between geometry, materials, and construction techniques. It analyses structural behavior and reviews current assessment and modelling approaches. Finally, it discusses conservation strategies and future perspectives, with emphasis on advanced materials, digital tools, and the renewed role of masonry arch bridges in contemporary infrastructure.