The Evolution of Semiconductor Devices: From Transistors to Quantum and Neuromorphic Computing

This review traces the development of semiconductor equipment, from bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) to advanced architectures such as fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs), nanowire transistors, and carbon nanotube FETs. We highlight major developments that have enabled improvements in performance, energy efficiency, and integration density. Special attention is paid to detailed bandgap materials (SiC, GaN), two-dimensional materials, and van der Waals (VdW) heterostructures, which are ready to shape the next generation of power and high-frequency electronics. Next-generation trends beyond CMOS, such as neuromorphic engineering and quantum computing, are identified, with a focus on operating methodology and recent hardware realizations. The application ground is linked to industry-specific needs in healthcare, energy, and AI hardware. Comparative data tables and combined figures are presented to further the performance benchmark. We consider existing challenges, fabrication intricacies, quantum decoherence, and the integration of materials and emphasize future paths, among them quantum–neuromorphic hybrid systems, green fabrication methods, and artificial intelligence-based design approaches. Furthermore, 2026 predictions, in-depth industrial applications, quantitative comparisons, and opportunities for further research efforts are critically reviewed.